100 Biology Questions and Answers: Cell Biology
Contents:
1. Basic Concepts.
2. Cell Structure and Organelles.
3. Cell Types.
4. Cell Membrane and Transport.
5. Cell Division.
6. DNA and RNA
7. Energy and Metabolism.
8. Cell Communication.
9. Cellular Processes.
10. Genetics and Chromosomes.
11. Cell Signaling.
12. Enzymes and Metabolism.
13. Protein Synthesis.
14. Cytoskeleton Components.
15. Specialized Cells.
16. Cell Death and Survival.
17. Cellular Organisms.
18. Cell Communication.
19. Diseases and Disorders.
20. Experimental Techniques.
21. Cell Function.
22. Miscellaneous
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Basic Concepts
1. Q: What is a cell?
A: The smallest structural and functional unit of life.
2. Q: Who discovered the cell?
A: Robert Hooke in 1665.
3. Q: What is cell theory?
A: All living organisms are composed of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
4. Q: Who proposed the cell theory?
A: Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
5. Q: What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
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Cell Structure and Organelles
6. Q: What is the function of the nucleus?
A: It contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
7. Q: What is the plasma membrane?
A: A selectively permeable membrane that encloses the cell.
8. Q: What is the cytoplasm?
A: A gel-like substance where cell organelles are suspended.
9. Q: What organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell"?
A: Mitochondria.
10. Q: What is the function of ribosomes?
A: Protein synthesis.
11. Q: What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A: A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
12. Q: Difference between rough and smooth ER?
A: Rough ER has ribosomes attached; smooth ER does not.
13. Q: What does the Golgi apparatus do?
A: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
14. Q: Function of lysosomes?
A: Digest waste materials and cellular debris.
15. Q: What is a chloroplast?
A: An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
16. Q: What are peroxisomes?
A: Organelles that detoxify harmful substances.
17. Q: What is the cytoskeleton?
A: A network of protein filaments that provides cell shape and movement.
18. Q: What is the function of vacuoles?
A: Storage of nutrients and waste products.
19. Q: What is the nucleolus?
A: A dense region in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced.
20. Q: Function of centrioles?
A: Involved in cell division in animal cells.
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Cell Types
21. Q: What are stem cells?
A: Undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types.
22. Q: What are somatic cells?
A: Any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells.
23. Q: What are gametes?
A: Reproductive cells (sperm and egg).
24. Q: What are epithelial cells?
A: Cells that line the surfaces of the body.
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Cell Membrane and Transport
25. Q: What is the fluid mosaic model?
A: Describes the cell membrane as a dynamic structure with embedded proteins.
26. Q: What is diffusion?
A: The movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
27. Q: What is osmosis?
A: The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.
28. Q: What is active transport?
A: Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using energy.
29. Q: What is endocytosis?
A: The process of taking materials into the cell by engulfing them.
30. Q: What is exocytosis?
A: The process of expelling materials from the cell.
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Cell Division
31. Q: What are the stages of mitosis?
A: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
32. Q: What is cytokinesis?
A: Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.
33. Q: What is meiosis?
A: A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.
34. Q: What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
A: The phase of cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.
35. Q: What is the S phase?
A: The phase in which DNA replication occurs.
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DNA and RNA
36. Q: What is the function of DNA?
A: Stores genetic information.
37. Q: What is transcription?
A: The process of copying DNA into mRNA.
38. Q: What is translation?
A: The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
39. Q: What is the role of tRNA?
A: Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
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Energy and Metabolism
40. Q: What is ATP?
A: Adenosine triphosphate, the cell's energy currency.
41. Q: What is cellular respiration?
A: The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP.
42. Q: What is glycolysis?
A: The first step of cellular respiration, breaking glucose into pyruvate.
43. Q: What is the Krebs cycle?
A: A series of reactions that generate ATP and electron carriers.
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Cell Communication
44. Q: What are hormones?
A: Chemical signals that regulate processes in the body.
45. Q: What is signal transduction?
A: The process by which a cell responds to external signals.
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Cellular Processes
46. Q: What is apoptosis?
A: Programmed cell death.
47. Q: What is autophagy?
A: The process of degrading and recycling cellular components.
48. Q: What is cellular senescence?
A: A state where a cell no longer divides but remains metabolically active.
49. Q: What is mitosis?
A: A process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
50. Q: What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
A: Mitosis produces identical cells; meiosis produces cells with half the chromosome number (gametes).
51. Q: What is the function of ATP synthase?
A: Enzyme that synthesizes ATP during cellular respiration.
52. Q: What is phagocytosis?
A: The process by which a cell engulfs large particles or other cells.
53. Q: What is pinocytosis?
A: The process by which a cell takes in liquid particles.
54. Q: What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A: Endocytosis where cells absorb specific molecules using receptor proteins.
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Genetics and Chromosomes
55. Q: What are chromosomes?
A: Structures within cells that contain DNA.
56. Q: How many chromosomes do humans have?
A: 46 (23 pairs).
57. Q: What are homologous chromosomes?
A: Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.
58. Q: What is chromatin?
A: The complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes.
59. Q: What are histones?
A: Proteins that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
60. Q: What are telomeres?
A: The ends of chromosomes that protect them from deterioration.
61. Q: What is a mutation?
A: A change in the DNA sequence.
62. Q: What is a karyotype?
A: A visual representation of all the chromosomes in a cell.
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Cell Signaling
63. Q: What is a ligand?
A: A molecule that binds to a receptor to initiate a cellular response.
64. Q: What are second messengers?
A: Molecules that relay signals from receptors to target molecules inside the cell.
65. Q: What is a signal transduction pathway?
A: A series of steps that convert an external signal to a specific cellular response.
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Enzymes and Metabolism
66. Q: What is an enzyme?
A: A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions.
67. Q: What is the active site of an enzyme?
A: The region where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
68. Q: What is an inhibitor?
A: A molecule that decreases enzyme activity.
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Protein Synthesis
69. Q: What are polypeptides?
A: Chains of amino acids that make up proteins.
70. Q: What are chaperone proteins?
A: Proteins that help in folding other proteins properly.
71. Q: What is post-translational modification?
A: Changes made to a protein after translation.
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Cytoskeleton Components
72. Q: What are microtubules?
A: Hollow rods that help with cell shape and transport within cells.
73. Q: What are actin filaments?
A: Thin filaments that help in cell movement and shape.
74. Q: What are intermediate filaments?
A: Fibrous proteins that provide mechanical support to the cell.
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Specialized Cells
75. Q: What are neurons?
A: Nerve cells that transmit signals in the nervous system.
76. Q: What are muscle fibers?
A: Cells that contract to produce movement.
77. Q: What are adipocytes?
A: Fat storage cells.
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Cell Death and Survival
78. Q: What is necrosis?
A: Uncontrolled cell death due to injury.
79. Q: What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
A: Apoptosis is programmed cell death; necrosis is accidental.
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Cellular Organisms
80. Q: What are unicellular organisms?
A: Organisms made up of a single cell (e.g., bacteria).
81. Q: What are multicellular organisms?
A: Organisms composed of multiple cells.
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Cell Communication
82. Q: What are gap junctions?
A: Channels between adjacent cells for communication.
83. Q: What are plasmodesmata?
A: Channels in plant cell walls for communication between cells.
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Diseases and Disorders
84. Q: What is cancer?
A: Uncontrolled cell growth and division.
85. Q: What is sickle cell anemia?
A: A genetic disorder affecting red blood cells.
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Experimental Techniques
86. Q: What is cell culture?
A: The process of growing cells in a controlled environment.
87. Q: What is a microscope?
A: An instrument used to magnify small objects, like cells.
88. Q: What is flow cytometry?
A: A technique used to count and analyze the size, shape, and properties of cells.
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Cell Function
89. Q: What is homeostasis?
A: The maintenance of stable internal conditions in a cell or organism.
90. Q: What is cellular respiration's main purpose?
A: To produce ATP.
91. Q: What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A: Aerobic requires oxygen; anaerobic does not.
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Miscellaneous
92. Q: What are microvilli?
A: Projections that increase the surface area of a cell.
93. Q: What is the extracellular matrix?
A: A network of proteins and carbohydrates outside the cell membrane.
94. Q: What are cilia?
A: Hair-like structures that move substances across cell surfaces.
95. Q: What are flagella?
A: Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement.
96. Q: What is a lipid bilayer?
A: The structure of the cell membrane composed of two layers of lipids.
97. Q: What is a vesicle?
A: A small membrane-bound sac for transport within the cell.
98. Q: What is the function of the spindle fibers?
A: They help separate chromosomes during cell division.
99. Q: What is binary fission?
A: The process by which prokaryotic cells divide.
100. Q: What is a plasmid?
A: A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria.
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